Long-term effect of rainfall and fertilizer nutrients on sustainability of soybean yield, rainwater use efficiency, monetary returns and soil fertility under semi-arid Vertisols
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53550/Keywords:
Longterm, Monetary returns, Principal component analysis, Rainwater use efficiency, Regression, Soil fertility, Sustainability yield indexAbstract
A long-term experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rainfall and plant nutrients on soybean yield and Rainwater Use Efficiency (RWUE) by superimposing T : Control; T : 20 kg N (urea) + 13 kg P ha-1; T : 30 kg N (urea) + 20 1 2 3 kg P ha-1; T : 40 kg N (urea) + 26 kg P ha-1; T : 60 kg N (urea) + 35 kg P ha-1; T : 20 kg 4 5 6 N (urea) + 13 kg P + FYM @ 6 t ha-1; T : 20 kg N (urea) + 13 kg P + FYM @ 5 t ha-1; 7 T : FYM @ 6 t ha-1; and T : Crop residue @ 5 t ha-1 to same plots during 1992-2009 8 9 in Vertisols at Indore. The yield variability was assessed using regression and Principal Component (PC) models through rainfall and plant nutrients. Based on regression analysis, the model of T gave maximum coefficient of 8 determination (R2) of 0.78 compared to T with minimum of 0.38. Based on PC 1 analysis, 3 PCs explained maximum variability of 74.1% in T compared to 2 minimum of 66.6% in T . The 1st PC (P ) explained variance of 33.3 to 42.1%, 6 1 compared to 18.1 to 21.6% by 2nd PC (P ) and 11.3 to 16.5% by 3rd PC (P ). The 2 3 regression model of yield through PC scores indicated that T had maximum 8 R2 of 0.46, while T had minimum of 0.15. Application of 20 kg N (urea) + 13 2 kg P + FYM @ 6 t ha-1 was superior with significantly higher mean yield of 2182 kg ha-1, RWUE of 2.80 kg ha-1 mm-1, gross returns of ` 34814 ha-1, net returns of ` 24346 ha-1, BC ratio of 3.33 and SYI of 43.0 and 44.2 based on regression and PC models respectively. The same treatment maintained maximum soil N of 269 kg ha-1, soil P of 23.9 kg ha-1, soil K of 757 kg ha-1 and soil S of 18.0 kg ha-1 at the end of study. This treatment could be adopted by farmers for attaining maximum soybean yield, RWUE and monetary returns and maintain soil fertility under semi-arid Vertisols.
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